2008年8月11日星期一

Nginx 0.6.31 + PHP 5.2.6（FastCGI）搭建胜过Apache十倍的Web服务器（第3版）

[文章作者：张宴 本文版本：v3.2 最后修改：2008.07.16 转载请注明原文链接：http://blog.s135.com/read.php/351.htm]

　　前言：本文是我撰写的关于搭建“Nginx + PHP（FastCGI）”Web服务器的第3篇文章，也是Nginx 0.6系列版本成为稳定版后的第一篇文章，安装、配置方式与以往略有不同，并增加了一些在生产环境运行中不断修改、调整，总结出的配置上的优化。

　　链接：《2007年9月的第1版》、《2007年12月的第2版》

　　点击在新窗口中浏览此图片

　　Nginx ("engine x") 是一个高性能的 HTTP 和反向代理服务器，也是一个 IMAP/POP3/SMTP 代理服务器。 Nginx 是由 Igor Sysoev 为俄罗斯访问量第二的 Rambler.ru 站点开发的，它已经在该站点运行超过两年半了。Igor 将源代码以类BSD许可证的形式发布。

　　Nginx 的中文维基：http://wiki.codemongers.com/NginxChs


　　在高并发连接的情况下，Nginx是Apache服务器不错的替代品。Nginx同时也可以作为7层负载均衡服务器来使用。根据我的测试结果，Nginx 0.6.31 + PHP 5.2.6 (FastCGI) 可以承受3万以上的并发连接数，相当于同等环境下Apache的10倍。

　 　根据我的经验，4GB内存的服务器+Apache（prefork模式）一般只能处理3000个并发连接，因为它们将占用3GB以上的内存，还得为系统 预留1GB的内存。我曾经就有两台Apache服务器，因为在配置文件中设置的MaxClients为4000，当Apache并发连接数达到3800 时，导致服务器内存和Swap空间用满而崩溃。

　　而这台 Nginx 0.6.31 + PHP 5.2.6 (FastCGI) 服务器在3万并发连接下，开启的10个Nginx进程消耗150M内存（15M*10=150M），开启的64个php-cgi进程消耗1280M内存 （20M*64=1280M），加上系统自身消耗的内存，总共消耗不到2GB内存。如果服务器内存较小，完全可以只开启25个php-cgi进程，这样 php-cgi消耗的总内存数才500M。

　　在3万并发连接下，访问Nginx 0.6.31 + PHP 5.2.6 (FastCGI) 服务器的PHP程序，仍然速度飞快。下图为Nginx的状态监控页面，显示的活动连接数为28457（关于Nginx的监控页配置，会在本文接下来所给出 的Nginx配置文件中写明）：

　　点击在新窗口中浏览此图片

　　我生产环境下的两台Nginx + PHP5（FastCGI）服务器，跑多个一般复杂的纯PHP动态程序，单台Nginx + PHP5（FastCGI）服务器跑PHP动态程序的处理能力已经超过“700次请求/秒”，相当于每天可以承受6000万（700*60*60*24=60480000）的访问量（更多信息见此），而服务器的系统负载也不算高：

　　点击在新窗口中浏览此图片


　　安装步骤：
　　（系统要求：Linux 2.6+ 内核，本文中的Linux操作系统为CentOS 5.1，另在RedHat AS4上也安装成功）

　　一、获取相关开源程序：
　　1、利用CentOS Linux系统自带的yum命令安装、升级所需的程序库（RedHat等其他Linux发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的RPM包，进行安装）：
sudo -s
LANG=C
yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel freetype freetype-devel libpng libpng-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel zlib zlib-devel glibc glibc-devel glib2 glib2-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel ncurses ncurses-devel curl curl-devel


　　2、下载程序源码包：
　　本文中提到的所有开源软件为截止到2008年6月5日的最新稳定版。（2008年6月底，sourceforge.net被GFW，下列的libmcrypt、mcrypt和mhash改从镜像站下载）
mkdir -p /data0/software
cd /data0/software
wget http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.6.31.tar.gz
wget http://www.php.net/get/php-5.2.6.tar.gz/from/this/mirror
wget http://php-fpm.anight.org/downloads/head/php-5.2.6-fpm-0.5.8.diff.gz
wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.1/mysql-5.1.26-rc.tar.gz/from/http://mirror.x10.com/mirror/mysql/
wget http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/libiconv/libiconv-1.12.tar.gz
#wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz?modtime=1171868460&big_mirror=0"
wget http://mirror.optus.net/sourceforge/m/mc/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz
#wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.7.tar.gz?modtime=1194463373&big_mirror=0"
wget http://mirror.optus.net/sourceforge/m/mc/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.7.tar.gz
wget http://pecl.php.net/get/memcache-2.2.3.tgz
#wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.tar.gz?modtime=1175740843&big_mirror=0"
wget http://mirror.optus.net/sourceforge/m/mh/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.tar.gz
wget ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-7.7.tar.gz
wget http://xcache.lighttpd.net/pub/Releases/1.2.2/xcache-1.2.2.tar.gz


　　二、安装PHP 5.2.6（FastCGI模式）
　　1、编译安装PHP 5.2.6所需的支持库：
tar zxvf libiconv-1.12.tar.gz
cd libiconv-1.12/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local
make
make install
cd ../

tar zxvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz
cd libmcrypt-2.5.8/
./configure
make
make install
/sbin/ldconfig
cd libltdl/
./configure --enable-ltdl-install
make
make install
cd ../../

tar zxvf mhash-0.9.9.tar.gz
cd mhash-0.9.9/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../

cp /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.* /usr/lib
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2

tar zxvf mcrypt-2.6.7.tar.gz
cd mcrypt-2.6.7/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../


　　2、编译安装MySQL 5.1.26-rc
/usr/sbin/groupadd mysql
/usr/sbin/useradd -g mysql mysql
tar zxvf mysql-5.1.26-rc.tar.gz
cd mysql-5.1.26-rc/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ --without-debug --with-unix-socket-path=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/mysql.sock --with-client-ldflags=-all-static --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static --enable-assembler --with-extra-charsets=gbk,gb2312,utf8 --with-pthread --enable-thread-safe-client
make && make install
chmod +w /usr/local/webserver/mysql
chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/webserver/mysql
cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf
cd ../


　　附：以下为附加步骤，如果你想在这台服务器上运行MySQL数据库，则执行以下两步。如果你只是希望让PHP支持MySQL扩展库，能够连接其他服务器上的MySQL数据库，那么，以下两步无需执行。
　　①、以mysql用户帐号的身份建立数据表：
/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --defaults-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --datadir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/data --user=mysql --pid-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/mysql.pid --skip-locking --port=3306 --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock


　　②、启动MySQL（最后的&表示在后台运行）
/bin/sh /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf &


　　3、编译安装PHP（FastCGI模式）
tar zxvf php-5.2.6.tar.gz
gzip -cd php-5.2.6-fpm-0.5.8.diff.gz | patch -d php-5.2.6 -p1
cd php-5.2.6/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/php --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/webserver/php/etc --with-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --with-mysqli=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-iconv-dir=/usr/local --with-freetype-dir --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib --with-libxml-dir=/usr --enable-xml --disable-debug --disable-rpath --enable-discard-path --enable-safe-mode --enable-bcmath --enable-shmop --enable-sysvsem --enable-inline-optimization --with-curl --with-curlwrappers --enable-mbregex --enable-fastcgi --enable-fpm --enable-force-cgi-redirect --enable-mbstring --with-mcrypt --with-gd --enable-gd-native-ttf --with-openssl
sed -i 's#-lz -lm -lxml2 -lz -lm -lxml2 -lz -lm -lcrypt#& -liconv#' Makefile
make
make install
cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
cd ../


　　4、编译安装PHP5扩展模块
tar zxvf memcache-2.2.3.tgz
cd memcache-2.2.3/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../

tar zxvf xcache-1.2.2.tar.gz
cd xcache-1.2.2/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config --enable-xcache
make
make install
cd ../


　　5、修改php.ini文件
　　手工修改：查找/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini中的extension_dir = "./"
　　修改为extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"
　　并在此行后增加以下几行，然后保存：
　　extension = "memcache.so"

　　再查找display_errors = On
　　修改为display_errors = Off

　　自动修改：若嫌手工修改麻烦，可执行以下shell命令，自动完成对php.ini文件的修改：
sed -i 's#extension_dir = "./"#extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"\nextension = "memcache.so"\n#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
sed -i 's#display_errors = On#display_errors = Off#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini


　　6、配置XCache加速PHP：
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini

　　按shift+g键跳到配置文件的最末尾，加上以下配置信息：
引用
[xcache-common]
zend_extension = /usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/xcache.so

[xcache.admin]
xcache.admin.user = "xcache"
; xcache.admin.pass = md5($yourpasswd)
xcache.admin.pass = "8e6867a5d05144cf4761d6481fc674a8"

[xcache]
xcache.cacher = On
xcache.shm_scheme = "mmap"
xcache.size = 32M
; cpu number (cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep -c processor)
xcache.count = 2
xcache.slots = 8k
xcache.ttl = 0
xcache.gc_interval = 0
xcache.var_size = 2M
; cpu number (cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep -c processor)
xcache.var_count = 2
xcache.var_slots = 8K
xcache.var_ttl = 0
xcache.var_maxttl = 0
xcache.var_gc_interval = 300
xcache.readonly_protection = Off
xcache.mmap_path = "/dev/zero"


　　7、创建www用户和组，以及供blog.s135.com和www.s135.com两个虚拟主机使用的目录：
/usr/sbin/groupadd www -g 48
/usr/sbin/useradd -u 48 -g www www
mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/blog
chmod +w /data0/htdocs/blog
chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/blog
mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/www
chmod +w /data0/htdocs/www
chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/www


　　8、创建php-fpm配置文件（php-fpm是为PHP打的一个FastCGI管理补丁，可以平滑变更php.ini配置而无需重启php-cgi）：
　　在/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/目录中创建php-fpm.conf文件：
rm -f /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf

　　输入以下内容：
view plainprint?
  1. xml version="1.0" ?>
  2. <configuration>

  4. All relative paths in this config are relative to php's install prefix

  6. <section name="global_options">

  8. Pid file
  9. <value name="pid_file">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.pidvalue>

  11. Error log file
  12. <value name="error_log">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.logvalue>

  14. Log level
  15. <value name="log_level">noticevalue>

  17. When this amount of php processes exited with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS ...
  18. <value name="emergency_restart_threshold">10value>

  20. ... in a less than this interval of time, a graceful restart will be initiated.
  21. Useful to work around accidental curruptions in accelerator's shared memory.
  22. <value name="emergency_restart_interval">1mvalue>

  24. Time limit on waiting child's reaction on signals from master
  25. <value name="process_control_timeout">5svalue>

  27. Set to 'no' to debug fpm
  28. <value name="daemonize">yesvalue>

  30. section>

  32. <workers>

  34. <section name="pool">

  36. Name of pool. Used in logs and stats.
  37. <value name="name">defaultvalue>

  39. Address to accept fastcgi requests on.
  40. Valid syntax is 'ip.ad.re.ss:port' or just 'port' or '/path/to/unix/socket'
  41. <value name="listen_address">127.0.0.1:9000value>

  43. <value name="listen_options">

  45. Set listen(2) backlog
  46. <value name="backlog">-1value>

  48. Set permissions for unix socket, if one used.
  49. In Linux read/write permissions must be set in order to allow connections from web server.
  50. Many BSD-derrived systems allow connections regardless of permissions.
  51. <value name="owner">value>
  52. <value name="group">value>
  53. <value name="mode">0666value>
  54. value>

  56. Additional php.ini defines, specific to this pool of workers.
  57. <value name="php_defines">
  58. <value name="sendmail_path">/usr/sbin/sendmail -t -ivalue>
  59. <value name="display_errors">0value>
  60. value>

  62. Unix user of processes
  63. <value name="user">wwwvalue>

  65. Unix group of processes
  66. <value name="group">wwwvalue>

  68. Process manager settings
  69. <value name="pm">

  71. Sets style of controling worker process count.
  72. Valid values are 'static' and 'apache-like'
  73. <value name="style">staticvalue>

  75. Sets the limit on the number of simultaneous requests that will be served.
  76. Equivalent to Apache MaxClients directive.
  77. Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN environment in original php.fcgi
  78. Used with any pm_style.
  79. <value name="max_children">128value>

  81. Settings group for 'apache-like' pm style
  82. <value name="apache_like">

  84. Sets the number of server processes created on startup.
  85. Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
  86. <value name="StartServers">20value>

  88. Sets the desired minimum number of idle server processes.
  89. Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
  90. <value name="MinSpareServers">5value>

  92. Sets the desired maximum number of idle server processes.
  93. Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
  94. <value name="MaxSpareServers">250value>

  96. value>

  98. value>

  100. Time limit on waiting execution of single request
  101. Should be used when 'max_execution_time' ini option does not terminate execution for some reason
  102. <value name="request_execution_timeout">31svalue>

  104. Set open file desc rlimit
  105. <value name="rlimit_files">51200value>

  107. Set max core size rlimit
  108. <value name="rlimit_core">0value>

  110. Chroot to this directory at the start
  111. <value name="chroot">value>

  113. Chdir to this directory at the start
  114. <value name="chdir">value>

  116. Redirect workers' stdout and stderr into main error log.
  117. If not set, they will be redirected to /dev/null, according to FastCGI specs
  118. <value name="catch_workers_output">yesvalue>

  120. How much requests each process should execute before respawn.
  121. Useful to work around memory leaks in 3rd party libraries.
  122. For endless request processing please specify 0
  123. Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS
  124. <value name="max_requests">51200value>

  126. Comma separated list of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients that allowed to connect.
  127. Equivalent to FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment in original php.fcgi (5.2.2+)
  128. Makes sense only with AF_INET listening socket.
  129. <value name="allowed_clients">127.0.0.1value>

  131. Pass environment variables like LD_LIBRARY_PATH
  132. All $VARIABLEs are taken from current environment
  133. <value name="environment">
  134. <value name="HOSTNAME">$HOSTNAMEvalue>
  135. <value name="PATH">/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/binvalue>
  136. <value name="TMP">/tmpvalue>
  137. <value name="TMPDIR">/tmpvalue>
  138. <value name="TEMP">/tmpvalue>
  139. <value name="OSTYPE">$OSTYPEvalue>
  140. <value name="MACHTYPE">$MACHTYPEvalue>
  141. <value name="MALLOC_CHECK_">2value>
  142. value>

  144. section>

  146. workers>

  148. configuration>
　　9、启动php-cgi进程，监听127.0.0.1的9000端口，进程数为128（如果服务器内存小于3GB，可以只开启25个进程），用户为www：
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start

　 　注：/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm还有其他参数，包 括：start|stop|quit|restart|reload|logrotate，修改php.ini后不重启php-cgi，重新加载配置文件 使用reload。


　　三、安装Nginx 0.6.31
　　1、安装Nginx所需的pcre库：
tar zxvf pcre-7.7.tar.gz
cd pcre-7.7/
./configure
make && make install
cd ../


　　2、安装Nginx
tar zxvf nginx-0.6.31.tar.gz
cd nginx-0.6.31/
./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module
make && make install
cd ../


　　3、创建Nginx日志目录
mkdir -p /data1/logs
chmod +w /data1/logs
chown -R www:www /data1/logs


　　4、创建Nginx配置文件
　　①、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建nginx.conf文件：
rm -f /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

　　输入以下内容：
引用
user www www;

worker_processes 8;

error_log /data1/logs/nginx_error.log crit;

pid /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid;

#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process.
worker_rlimit_nofile 51200;

events
{
use epoll;

worker_connections 51200;
}

http
{
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;

charset utf-8;

server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;

sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;

keepalive_timeout 60;

tcp_nodelay on;

fastcgi_connect_timeout 60;
fastcgi_send_timeout 180;
fastcgi_read_timeout 180;
fastcgi_buffer_size 128k;
fastcgi_buffers 4 128k;
fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;
fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;
fastcgi_temp_path /dev/shm;

gzip on;
gzip_min_length 1k;
gzip_buffers 4 8k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_types text/plain application/x-javascript text/css text/html application/xml;

server
{
listen 80;
server_name blog.s135.com;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
root /data0/htdocs/blog;

if (-d $request_filename)
{
rewrite ^/(.*)([^/])$ http://$host/$1$2/ permanent;
}

location ~ .*\.php?$
{
include fcgi.conf;
#fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
}

log_format access '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
access_log /data1/logs/access.log access;
}

server
{
listen 80;
server_name www.s135.com;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
root /data0/htdocs/www;

if (-d $request_filename)
{
rewrite ^/(.*)([^/])$ http://$host/$1$2/ permanent;
}

location ~ .*\.php?$
{
include fcgi.conf;
#fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
}

log_format wwwlogs '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
access_log /data1/logs/wwwlogs.log wwwlogs;
}

server
{
listen 80;
server_name status.blog.s135.com;

location / {
stub_status on;
access_log off;
}
}
}


　　②、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建fcgi.conf文件：
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/fcgi.conf

　　输入以下内容：
引用
fastcgi_param GATEWAY_INTERFACE CGI/1.1;
fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx;

fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string;
fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length;

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param REQUEST_URI $request_uri;
fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_URI $document_uri;
fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT $document_root;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL $server_protocol;

fastcgi_param REMOTE_ADDR $remote_addr;
fastcgi_param REMOTE_PORT $remote_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_ADDR $server_addr;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PORT $server_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_NAME $server_name;

# PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect
#fastcgi_param REDIRECT_STATUS 200;


　　5、启动Nginx
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx


　　四、配置开机自动启动Nginx + PHP
vi /etc/rc.local

　　在末尾增加以下内容：
引用
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx


　　五、优化Linux内核参数
vi /etc/sysctl.conf

　　在末尾增加以下内容：
引用
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 300
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 5000 65000


　　使配置立即生效：
/sbin/sysctl -p


　　六、在不停止Nginx服务的情况下平滑变更Nginx配置
　　(1)、修改/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件后，请执行以下命令检查配置文件是否正确：
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -t

　　如果屏幕显示以下两行信息，说明配置文件正确：
　　the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
　　the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf was tested successfully

　　(2)、这时，输入以下命令查看Nginx主进程号：
ps -ef | grep "nginx: master process" | grep -v "grep" | awk -F ' ' '{print $2}'

　　屏幕显示的即为Nginx主进程号，例如：
　　6302
　　这时，执行以下命令即可使修改过的Nginx配置文件生效：
kill -HUP 6302

　　或者无需这么麻烦，找到Nginx的Pid文件：
kill -HUP `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`


　　本文若有小的修改，会第一时间在以下网址发布：
　　http://blog.s135.com/read.php/351.htm

　　（全文完）
Goo Ubuntu 时间： 01:58
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